Pet-like learning companions: past research and future directions

The objective of this paper is to offer a design framework for pet-like learning companions (P-LCSs) whose concept extends from learning companion systems and integrates with pet-like characteristics, such as pet appearance, pet-owner relationship, and emotional support. Such a close relationship and deep emotions toward pets bring significant potential to benefit student learning in terms of social, cognitive, and affective aspects. After introducing some previous work on the P-LCSs, two further directions are proposed. One is linked to the research field of game-based and gamified design, while the other is connected to interest-driven creator (IDC) theory. Finally, a long-term goal of P-LCSs is discussed, and the reasons why P-LCSs might contribute to realizing the goal are also articulated in the paper.