Near-infrared photoelectrochromic device with graphene quantum dot modified WO₃ thin film toward fast-response thermal management for self-powered Agrivoltaics

Agrivoltaic system is the use of land for both photovoltaic energy production through the installation of solar panels and for pastoral and crop cultivation. This work has proposed an idea of introducing a near-infrared photoelectrochromic device (NIR-PECD) into the agrivoltaic system for realizing the self-powered thermal management, revealing the temperature control for a greenhouse without external power supplier to increase the yield of the crops, while reducing the energy consumption for the plant growing. As a commercial and widely used electrochromic material in PECD, WO₃ has been reported as a significant and effective material in numerous electrochromic materials. To improve of electrochromic response of WO₃ for coloring/bleaching in NIR-PECD, in this study, graphene quantum dot (GQD) was introduced into the WO₃ to promote the electrochromic performance. The graphitic sp² structure and specific functional groups improved the WO₃ thin film's electrochromic results by enhancing the response rate and transmittance contrast. The NIR-PECD with GQD/WO₃ electrochromic layer showed a significant improvement in response time for bleaching (93.3 s), compared to the case with pristine WO₃ one (271 s). The photocoloration efficiency (PhCE) of NIR-PECD was also improved from 55.85 to 96.46 cm² min⁻¹ W⁻¹ after introducing GQD into the WO₃ thin film. Under 1 sun illumination, the colored state and bleached state of NIR-PECD with GQD/WO₃ electrochromic layer showed a temperature difference of 8.7 °C. GQD/WO₃ thin film maintained approximately 90% of the original transmittance contrast after 1000 cycles of coloring and bleaching, due to the hydrogen bonds formed between functional groups on GQD and WO₃. By integrating the Prussian blue (PB) electrochromic electrode, GQD/WO₃-PB complementary NIR-PECD can achieve self-powered indoor thermal management by changing the transmittance as an agrivoltaic system.