TY - JOUR
T1 - Integrated species delimitation and conservation implications of an endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani (Coleoptera
T2 - Curculionidae) in Green and Orchid Islands of Taiwan
AU - Chen, Yen Ting
AU - Tseng, Hui Yun
AU - Jeng, Ming Luen
AU - Su, Yong Chao
AU - Huang, Wen San
AU - Lin, Chung Ping
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Cheng-Huang Lin and Pei-Jun Chen for assistance with SEM; Lu-Yi Wang, Po-Meng Chuang, Po-Sheng Liao, Yu-Wen Guo, Chang-Yi Lee, Jung-Yu Hsu and Cheng-Hsiung Chang for help with sample collection; three anonymous reviewers and Shaun Winterton for helpful comments; the High-Throughput Genome Analysis Core Facility of National Core Facility Program for Biotechnology, Taiwan (MOST 103-2319-B-010-001) for performing sequencing; and the Genome Sequencing Core of the University of Kansas for conducting RAD-seq. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan provided financial support for this study (103-2311-B-029-001-MY3 & 104-2621-B-003-002-MY3 to C-P. Lin), and we appreciate the endangered species research permits (nos 1001700401, 1021700402, 1031700770 and 1041700842) issued by the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. There are no disputes over the ownership of the data presented in the paper. All contributions have been attributed appropriately via co-authorship or acknowledgement.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Royal Entomological Society
PY - 2017/10
Y1 - 2017/10
N2 - Oceanic islands are productive habitats for generating new species and high endemism, which is primarily due to their geographical isolation, smaller population sizes and local adaptation. However, the short divergence times and subtle morphological or ecological divergence of insular organisms may obscure species identity, so the cryptic endemism on islands may be underestimated. The endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani Kôno (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) is endemic to Green Island and Orchid Island of the Taiwan-Luzon Archipelago and displays widespread variation in coloration and host range, thus raising questions regarding its species boundaries and degree of cryptic diversity. We tested the species boundaries of P. sonani using an integrated approach that combined morphological (body size and shape, genital shape, coloration and cuticular scale), genetic (four genes and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, RAD-seq) and ecological (host range and distribution) diversity. The results indicated that all the morphological datasets for male P. sonani, except for the colour spectrum, reveal overlapping but statistically significant differences between islands. In contrast, the morphology of the female P. sonani showed minimum divergence between island populations. The populations of P. sonani on the two islands were significantly different in their host ranges, and the genetic clustering and phylogenies of P. sonani established two valid evolutionary species. Integrated species delimitation combining morphological, molecular and ecological characters supported two distinct species of P. sonani from Green Island and Orchid Island. The Green Island population was described as P. jitanasaius sp.n. Chen & Lin, and it is recommended that its threatened conservation status be recognized. Our findings suggest that the inter-island speciation of endemic organisms inhabiting both islands may be more common than previously thought, and they highlight the possibility that the cryptic diversity of small oceanic islands may still be largely underestimated.
AB - Oceanic islands are productive habitats for generating new species and high endemism, which is primarily due to their geographical isolation, smaller population sizes and local adaptation. However, the short divergence times and subtle morphological or ecological divergence of insular organisms may obscure species identity, so the cryptic endemism on islands may be underestimated. The endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani Kôno (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) is endemic to Green Island and Orchid Island of the Taiwan-Luzon Archipelago and displays widespread variation in coloration and host range, thus raising questions regarding its species boundaries and degree of cryptic diversity. We tested the species boundaries of P. sonani using an integrated approach that combined morphological (body size and shape, genital shape, coloration and cuticular scale), genetic (four genes and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, RAD-seq) and ecological (host range and distribution) diversity. The results indicated that all the morphological datasets for male P. sonani, except for the colour spectrum, reveal overlapping but statistically significant differences between islands. In contrast, the morphology of the female P. sonani showed minimum divergence between island populations. The populations of P. sonani on the two islands were significantly different in their host ranges, and the genetic clustering and phylogenies of P. sonani established two valid evolutionary species. Integrated species delimitation combining morphological, molecular and ecological characters supported two distinct species of P. sonani from Green Island and Orchid Island. The Green Island population was described as P. jitanasaius sp.n. Chen & Lin, and it is recommended that its threatened conservation status be recognized. Our findings suggest that the inter-island speciation of endemic organisms inhabiting both islands may be more common than previously thought, and they highlight the possibility that the cryptic diversity of small oceanic islands may still be largely underestimated.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85028723491&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85028723491&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/syen.12242
DO - 10.1111/syen.12242
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85028723491
SN - 0307-6970
VL - 42
SP - 796
EP - 813
JO - Systematic Entomology
JF - Systematic Entomology
IS - 4
ER -