Flexible rGO-SnO₂ supercapacitors converted from pastes containing SnCl₂ liquid precursor using atmospheric-pressure plasma jet

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-SnO₂ nanocomposites are fabricated on carbon cloth from screen-printed pastes containing rGO nanoflakes and SnCl₂ liquid precursor by using a nitrogen atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ). RGO-SnO₂-coated carbon cloth is then used as the electrode of gel-electrolyte supercapacitors (SCs). Experiments conducted with various APPJ processing times suggest that the optimal APPJ processing time is 300 s. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements indicate that 300-s APPJ processing results in the best areal capacitance of 97.53 mF/cm². The capacitance retention rate is ~85% after a 10,000-cycle CV test. Further, capacitance increases by 11% after a 1000-cycle bending test under a bending radius of 7.5 mm, possibly owing to the better electrolyte/electrode contact and decrease in the charge transport resistance after mechanical bending. This study also characterized APPJ-processed rGO-SnO₂ nanocomposites by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements.