摘要
When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ±3 μas, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≈10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M =(6.5 ±0.7) ×10 9 M o . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.
| 原文 | 英語 |
|---|---|
| 文章編號 | L1 |
| 期刊 | Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| 卷 | 875 |
| 發行號 | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| 出版狀態 | 已發佈 - 2019 4月 10 |
| 對外發佈 | 是 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- 天文和天體物理學
- 空間與行星科學
指紋
深入研究「First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. the Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。引用此
- APA
- Standard
- Harvard
- Vancouver
- Author
- BIBTEX
- RIS
於: Astrophysical Journal Letters, 卷 875, 編號 1, L1, 10.04.2019.
研究成果: 雜誌貢獻 › 期刊論文 › 同行評審
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. the Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole
AU - Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, The
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Baloković, Mislav
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Boland, Wilfred
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.
AU - Bremer, Michael
AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
AU - Brissenden, Roger
AU - Britzen, Silke
AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Byun, Do Young
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chan, Chi Kwan
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Chen, Ming Tang
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Cordes, James M.
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - Laurentis, Mariafelicia De
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - Fomalont, Ed
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Freeman, William T.
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - Garcia, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Hecht, Michael H.
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Ikeda, Shiro
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karami, Mansour
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Jae Young
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Koch, Patrick M.
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu
AU - Lauer, Tod R.
AU - Lee, Sang Sung
AU - Li, Yan Rong
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lo, Wen Ping
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Lonsdale, Colin
AU - Lu, Ru Sen
AU - Macdonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Marti-Vidal, Iván
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayan, Ramesh
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Neri, Roberto
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares, Héctor
AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Ozel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pen, Ue Li
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - Plambeck, Richard
AU - Popstefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Prather, Ben
AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Pu, Hung Yi
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Raymond, Alexander W.
AU - Rezzolla, Luciano
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Rogers, Alan
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Rose, Mel
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Ryan, Benjamin R.
AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Sánchez-Arguelles, David
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - Soohoo, Jason
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Toma, Kenji
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Tsuda, Shuichiro
AU - Bemmel, Ilse Van
AU - Van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - Van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Wex, Norbert
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Young, Ken
AU - Young, André
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhao, Guangyao
AU - Zhao, Shan Shan
AU - Zhu, Ziyan
AU - Algaba, Juan Carlos
AU - Allardi, Alexander
AU - Amestica, Rodrigo
AU - Anczarski, Jadyn
AU - Bach, Uwe
AU - Baganoff, Frederick K.
AU - Beaudoin, Christopher
AU - Benson, Bradford A.
AU - Berthold, Ryan
AU - Blanchard, Jay M.
AU - Blundell, Ray
AU - Bustamente, Sandra
AU - Cappallo, Roger
AU - Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar
AU - Chang, Chih Cheng
AU - Chang, Shu Hao
AU - Chang, Song Chu
AU - Chen, Chung Chen
AU - Chilson, Ryan
AU - Chuter, Tim C.
AU - Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova
AU - Coulson, Iain M.
AU - Crawford, Thomas M.
AU - Crowley, Joseph
AU - David, John
AU - Derome, Mark
AU - Dexter, Matthew
AU - Dornbusch, Sven
AU - Dudevoir, Kevin A.
AU - Dzib, Sergio A.
AU - Eckart, Andreas
AU - Eckert, Chris
AU - Erickson, Neal R.
AU - Everett, Wendeline B.
AU - Faber, Aaron
AU - Farah, Joseph R.
AU - Fath, Vernon
AU - Folkers, Thomas W.
AU - Forbes, David C.
AU - Freund, Robert
AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
AU - Gale, David M.
AU - Gao, Feng
AU - Geertsema, Gertie
AU - Graham, David A.
AU - Greer, Christopher H.
AU - Grosslein, Ronald
AU - Gueth, Frédéric
AU - Haggard, Daryl
AU - Halverson, Nils W.
AU - Han, Chih Chiang
AU - Han, Kuo Chang
AU - Hao, Jinchi
AU - Hasegawa, Yutaka
AU - Henning, Jason W.
AU - Hernández-Gómez, Antonio
AU - Herrero-Illana, Rubén
AU - Heyminck, Stefan
AU - Hirota, Akihiko
AU - Hoge, James
AU - Huang, Yau De
AU - Impellizzeri, C. M.Violette
AU - Jiang, Homin
AU - Kamble, Atish
AU - Keisler, Ryan
AU - Kimura, Kimihiro
AU - Kono, Yusuke
AU - Kubo, Derek
AU - Kuroda, John
AU - Lacasse, Richard
AU - Laing, Robert A.
AU - Leitch, Erik M.
AU - Li, Chao Te
AU - Lin, Lupin C.C.
AU - Liu, Ching Tang
AU - Liu, Kuan Yu
AU - Lu, Li Ming
AU - Marson, Ralph G.
AU - Martin-Cocher, Pierre L.
AU - Massingill, Kyle D.
AU - Matulonis, Callie
AU - McColl, Martin P.
AU - McWhirter, Stephen R.
AU - Messias, Hugo
AU - Meyer-Zhao, Zheng
AU - Michalik, Daniel
AU - Montana, Alfredo
AU - Montgomerie, William
AU - Mora-Klein, Matias
AU - Muders, Dirk
AU - Nadolski, Andrew
AU - Navarro, Santiago
AU - Neilsen, Joseph
AU - Nguyen, Chi H.
AU - Nishioka, Hiroaki
AU - Norton, Timothy
AU - Nowak, Michael A.
AU - Nystrom, George
AU - Ogawa, Hideo
AU - Oshiro, Peter
AU - Parsons, Harriet
AU - Paine, Scott N.
AU - Penalver, Juan
AU - Phillips, Neil M.
AU - Poirier, Michael
AU - Pradel, Nicolas
AU - Primiani, Rurik A.
AU - Raffin, Philippe A.
AU - Rahlin, Alexandra S.
AU - Reiland, George
AU - Risacher, Christopher
AU - Ruiz, Ignacio
AU - Sáez-Madain, Alejandro F.
AU - Sassella, Remi
AU - Schellart, Pim
AU - Shaw, Paul
AU - Silva, Kevin M.
AU - Shiokawa, Hotaka
AU - Smith, David R.
AU - Snow, William
AU - Souccar, Kamal
AU - Sousa, Don
AU - Sridharan, T. K.
AU - Srinivasan, Ranjani
AU - Stahm, William
AU - Stark, Anthony A.
AU - Story, Kyle
AU - Timmer, Sjoerd T.
AU - Vertatschitsch, Laura
AU - Walther, Craig
AU - Wei, Ta Shun
AU - Whitehorn, Nathan
AU - Whitney, Alan R.
AU - Woody, David P.
AU - Wouterloot, Jan G.A.
AU - Wright, Melvin
AU - Yamaguchi, Paul
AU - Yu, Chen Yu
AU - Zeballos, Milagros
AU - Zhang, Shuo
AU - Ziurys, Lucy
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2019. The American Astronomical Society..
PY - 2019/4/10
Y1 - 2019/4/10
N2 - When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ±3 μas, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≈10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M =(6.5 ±0.7) ×10 9 M o . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.
AB - When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ±3 μas, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≈10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M =(6.5 ±0.7) ×10 9 M o . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85064523200&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85064523200&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7
DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85064523200
SN - 2041-8205
VL - 875
JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters
JF - Astrophysical Journal Letters
IS - 1
M1 - L1
ER -