摘要
Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.
| 原文 | 英語 |
|---|---|
| 文章編號 | 35 |
| 期刊 | Astrophysical Journal |
| 卷 | 950 |
| 發行號 | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| 出版狀態 | 已發佈 - 2023 6月 1 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- 天文和天體物理學
- 空間與行星科學
指紋
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於: Astrophysical Journal, 卷 950, 編號 1, 35, 01.06.2023.
研究成果: 雜誌貢獻 › 期刊論文 › 同行評審
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration
AU - Prather, Ben S.
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Pu, Hung Yi
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Algaba, Juan Carlos
AU - Anantua, Richard
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Bach, Uwe
AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Baloković, Mislav
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bauböck, Michi
AU - Benson, Bradford A.
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Blundell, Raymond
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.
AU - Boyce, Hope
AU - Bremer, Michael
AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
AU - Brissenden, Roger
AU - Britzen, Silke
AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Bustamante, Sandra
AU - Byun, Do Young
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Ceccobello, Chiara
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chan, Chi Kwan
AU - Chang, Dominic O.
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chen, Ming Tang
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cheng, Xiaopeng
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conroy, Nicholas S.
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Cordes, James M.
AU - Crawford, Thomas M.
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dhruv, Vedant
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Dougal, Sean
AU - Dzib, Sergio A.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Emami, Razieh
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Farah, Joseph
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - Fomalont, Ed
AU - Ford, H. Alyson
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Freeman, William T.
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Fuentes, Antonio
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - García, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Haggard, Daryl
AU - Haworth, Kari
AU - Hecht, Michael H.
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Heumann, Dirk
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Ikeda, Shiro
AU - Impellizzeri, C. M.Violette
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Joshi, Abhishek V.
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karami, Mansour
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Dong Jin
AU - Kim, Jae Young
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Kocherlakota, Prashant
AU - Kofuji, Yutaro
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu
AU - La Bella, Noemi
AU - Lauer, Tod R.
AU - Lee, Daeyoung
AU - Lee, Sang Sung
AU - Leung, Po Kin
AU - Levis, Aviad
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lico, Rocco
AU - Lindahl, Greg
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Lisakov, Mikhail
AU - Liu, Jun
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lo, Wen Ping
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Lonsdale, Colin J.
AU - Lu, Ru Sen
AU - Macdonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Marchili, Nicola
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Michalik, Daniel
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Mus, Alejandro
AU - Musoke, Gibwa
AU - Myserlis, Ioannis
AU - Nadolski, Andrew
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayan, Ramesh
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Nathanail, Antonios
AU - Fuentes, Santiago Navarro
AU - Neilsen, Joey
AU - Neri, Roberto
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis
AU - Nowak, Michael A.
AU - Oh, Junghwan
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares, Héctor
AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Özel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.
AU - Paraschos, Georgios Filippos
AU - Park, Jongho
AU - Parsons, Harriet
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pen, Ue Li
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - Plambeck, Richard
AU - Popstefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Pötzl, Felix M.
AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Raymond, Alexander W.
AU - Rezzolla, Luciano
AU - Ricarte, Angelo
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Rogers, Alan
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Romero-Cañizales, Cristina
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Ruiz, Ignacio
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Sánchez-Argüelles, David
AU - Sánchez-Portal, Miguel
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Satapathy, Kaushik
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schonfeld, Jonathan
AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - Soohoo, Jason
AU - Souccar, Kamal
AU - Sun, He
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tetarenko, Alexandra J.
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Traianou, Efthalia
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Turk, Matthew
AU - Van Bemmel, Ilse
AU - Van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - Van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Vos, Jesse
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Ward-Thompson, Derek
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Wex, Norbert
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Wiik, Kaj
AU - Witzel, Gunther
AU - Wondrak, Michael F.
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Yamaguchi, Paul
AU - Yfantis, Aristomenis
AU - Yoon, Doosoo
AU - Young, André
AU - Young, Ken
AU - Yu, Wei
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhang, Shuo
AU - Zhao, Guang Yao
AU - Zhao, Shan Shan
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
PY - 2023/6/1
Y1 - 2023/6/1
N2 - Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.
AB - Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163933595&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85163933595&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/acc586
DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/acc586
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85163933595
SN - 0004-637X
VL - 950
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
IS - 1
M1 - 35
ER -