Comparison and characterization of pigments and dyes by Raman spectroscopy

This review provides a general understanding of Raman spectroscopy for use in the identification of pigments and dyes. The methodologies associated with a number of different related applications are also summarized. The first part of this review clarifies our basic knowledge regarding natural minerals and pigments. The second part discusses the fundamentals of currently used Raman spectroscopy, including surface-enhanced Raman scattering, μ-Raman spectroscopy, Raman imaging and spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. The third part focuses on recent applications, including the identification and analysis of various pigments and dyes that are used in paintings and related artworks. These studies show that Raman spectroscopy has great potential for use as a method for the rapid, non-destructive identification of such substances. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]