Water-soluble sulfonated phenolic resins. III. Effects of degree of sulfonation and molecular weight on concrete workability

The effects of the degree of sulfonation (DS) and molecular weight (MW) of sulfonated phenolic resins (SPF) on the flow properties of cementitious materials were investigated. SPF resin was prepared from phenol, formaldehyde, and sodium bisulfide through a four-step reaction. It was found that an increase in either DS of MW would enhance the dispersion effects in the system. The results indicate that the fluidity of cement pastes and the workability of concrete increased with higher DS until the resin was fully sulfonated. For resins with sufficient sulfonation, the performance of cementitious materials would increase with increasing MW. Apparently, resins with MW of about 3 × 10⁴ are most effective in promoting concrete properties in terms of workability and compressive strength.