Visualizing band alignment across 2D/3D perovskite heterointerfaces of solar cells with light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy

Po Cheng Huang; Shao Ku Huang; Ting Chun Lai; Min Chuan Shih; Hung Chang Hsu; Chun Hsiang Chen; Cheng Chieh Lin; Chun Hao Chiang; Chi Ying Lin; Kazuhito Tsukagoshi; Chun Wei Chen; Ya Ping Chiu; Shiow Fon Tsay; Ying Chiao Wang

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362

Visualizing band alignment across 2D/3D perovskite heterointerfaces of solar cells with light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy

Po Cheng Huang, Shao Ku Huang, Ting Chun Lai, Min Chuan Shih, Hung Chang Hsu, Chun Hsiang Chen, Cheng Chieh Lin, Chun Hao Chiang, Chi Ying Lin, Kazuhito Tsukagoshi, Chun Wei Chen^*, Ya Ping Chiu^*, Shiow Fon Tsay, Ying Chiao Wang^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

10 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Graded 2D perovskite capping shells with continuously upshifting valence bands, produced by tailored dimensional engineering, can effectively extract holes from 3D perovskite cores. Real-space observation of electronic structures will fully reveal the operating mechanisms of 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, for the first time, light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy visualizes the cross-sectional band alignment across 2D (C₄H₉NH₃)₂(CH₃NH₃)_n-1Pb_nI_3n+1/3D CH₃NH₃PbI₃ stacked perovskites. By systematically analyzing their electronic configuration, the mixed-dimensional perovskite band structure along the vertical 3D-to-2D direction can be spatially resolved. Remarkably, the electric field in the 2D perovskite is larger under light illumination than under dark conditions, resulting in an increase in the concentration of holes and electrons distributed in the 2D and 3D perovskites, respectively. Benefiting from this electronic reconstruction, charge recombination is suppressed, thereby significantly promoting the 2D/3D PSC performance. Moreover, our method opens an avenue for direct, local mapping of optoelectronic device energy levels.

Original language	English
Article number	106362
Journal	Nano Energy
Volume	89
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362
Publication status	Published - 2021 Nov
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

2D/3D perovskite
Band mapping
Interface
Perovskite solar cells
Scanning tunneling microscopy

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
Materials Science(all)
Electrical and Electronic Engineering

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362

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Huang, P. C., Huang, S. K., Lai, T. C., Shih, M. C., Hsu, H. C., Chen, C. H., Lin, C. C., Chiang, C. H., Lin, C. Y., Tsukagoshi, K., Chen, C. W., Chiu, Y. P., Tsay, S. F., & Wang, Y. C. (2021). Visualizing band alignment across 2D/3D perovskite heterointerfaces of solar cells with light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy. Nano Energy, 89, Article 106362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362

@article{5a706668c44a4c059df23af9ddf1f772,

title = "Visualizing band alignment across 2D/3D perovskite heterointerfaces of solar cells with light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy",

abstract = "Graded 2D perovskite capping shells with continuously upshifting valence bands, produced by tailored dimensional engineering, can effectively extract holes from 3D perovskite cores. Real-space observation of electronic structures will fully reveal the operating mechanisms of 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, for the first time, light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy visualizes the cross-sectional band alignment across 2D (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1PbnI3n+1/3D CH3NH3PbI3 stacked perovskites. By systematically analyzing their electronic configuration, the mixed-dimensional perovskite band structure along the vertical 3D-to-2D direction can be spatially resolved. Remarkably, the electric field in the 2D perovskite is larger under light illumination than under dark conditions, resulting in an increase in the concentration of holes and electrons distributed in the 2D and 3D perovskites, respectively. Benefiting from this electronic reconstruction, charge recombination is suppressed, thereby significantly promoting the 2D/3D PSC performance. Moreover, our method opens an avenue for direct, local mapping of optoelectronic device energy levels.",

keywords = "2D/3D perovskite, Band mapping, Interface, Perovskite solar cells, Scanning tunneling microscopy",

author = "Huang, {Po Cheng} and Huang, {Shao Ku} and Lai, {Ting Chun} and Shih, {Min Chuan} and Hsu, {Hung Chang} and Chen, {Chun Hsiang} and Lin, {Cheng Chieh} and Chiang, {Chun Hao} and Lin, {Chi Ying} and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi and Chen, {Chun Wei} and Chiu, {Ya Ping} and Tsay, {Shiow Fon} and Wang, {Ying Chiao}",

note = "Funding Information: Hung-Chang Hsu received his Ph.D. degree in 2016 from Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Physics, National Taiwan University. He received an award of the “Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Postdoctoral Researcher Academic Research Award Awardees” in 2019. His research is focus on the interfacial science of the semiconductor and the solar cells. Funding Information: Y.-C.W. acknowledges the financial support from JSPS-KAKENHI (Grant No. 20K15135) and the ICYS, NIMS for the research funds. C.-W.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 108-2923-M-002?002-MY2, MOST-NIMS add-on project). Y.-P.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 109-2628-M-002?005-MY3) and National Taiwan Univ. (Contract No. NTU-109L7848). Financial support provided by the Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-Mat), National Taiwan University, from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan (Grant No. 108L9008) is also acknowledged. Funding Information: Y.-C.W. acknowledges the financial support from JSPS -KAKENHI (Grant No. 20K15135) and the ICYS, NIMS for the research funds. C.-W.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 108-2923-M-002–002-MY2 , MOST-NIMS add-on project). Y.-P.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 109-2628-M-002–005-MY3 ) and National Taiwan Univ. (Contract No. NTU-109L7848 ). Financial support provided by the Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-Mat), National Taiwan University, from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan (Grant No. 108L9008 ) is also acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",

year = "2021",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362",

language = "English",

volume = "89",

journal = "Nano Energy",

issn = "2211-2855",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Visualizing band alignment across 2D/3D perovskite heterointerfaces of solar cells with light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy

AU - Huang, Po Cheng

AU - Huang, Shao Ku

AU - Lai, Ting Chun

AU - Shih, Min Chuan

AU - Hsu, Hung Chang

AU - Chen, Chun Hsiang

AU - Lin, Cheng Chieh

AU - Chiang, Chun Hao

AU - Lin, Chi Ying

AU - Tsukagoshi, Kazuhito

AU - Chen, Chun Wei

AU - Chiu, Ya Ping

AU - Tsay, Shiow Fon

AU - Wang, Ying Chiao

N1 - Funding Information: Hung-Chang Hsu received his Ph.D. degree in 2016 from Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University. He is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Physics, National Taiwan University. He received an award of the “Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Postdoctoral Researcher Academic Research Award Awardees” in 2019. His research is focus on the interfacial science of the semiconductor and the solar cells. Funding Information: Y.-C.W. acknowledges the financial support from JSPS-KAKENHI (Grant No. 20K15135) and the ICYS, NIMS for the research funds. C.-W.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 108-2923-M-002?002-MY2, MOST-NIMS add-on project). Y.-P.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 109-2628-M-002?005-MY3) and National Taiwan Univ. (Contract No. NTU-109L7848). Financial support provided by the Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-Mat), National Taiwan University, from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan (Grant No. 108L9008) is also acknowledged. Funding Information: Y.-C.W. acknowledges the financial support from JSPS -KAKENHI (Grant No. 20K15135) and the ICYS, NIMS for the research funds. C.-W.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 108-2923-M-002–002-MY2 , MOST-NIMS add-on project). Y.-P.C. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan (Contract No. MOST 109-2628-M-002–005-MY3 ) and National Taiwan Univ. (Contract No. NTU-109L7848 ). Financial support provided by the Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials (AI-Mat), National Taiwan University, from the Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education in Taiwan (Grant No. 108L9008 ) is also acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors

PY - 2021/11

Y1 - 2021/11

N2 - Graded 2D perovskite capping shells with continuously upshifting valence bands, produced by tailored dimensional engineering, can effectively extract holes from 3D perovskite cores. Real-space observation of electronic structures will fully reveal the operating mechanisms of 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, for the first time, light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy visualizes the cross-sectional band alignment across 2D (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1PbnI3n+1/3D CH3NH3PbI3 stacked perovskites. By systematically analyzing their electronic configuration, the mixed-dimensional perovskite band structure along the vertical 3D-to-2D direction can be spatially resolved. Remarkably, the electric field in the 2D perovskite is larger under light illumination than under dark conditions, resulting in an increase in the concentration of holes and electrons distributed in the 2D and 3D perovskites, respectively. Benefiting from this electronic reconstruction, charge recombination is suppressed, thereby significantly promoting the 2D/3D PSC performance. Moreover, our method opens an avenue for direct, local mapping of optoelectronic device energy levels.

AB - Graded 2D perovskite capping shells with continuously upshifting valence bands, produced by tailored dimensional engineering, can effectively extract holes from 3D perovskite cores. Real-space observation of electronic structures will fully reveal the operating mechanisms of 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, for the first time, light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy visualizes the cross-sectional band alignment across 2D (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1PbnI3n+1/3D CH3NH3PbI3 stacked perovskites. By systematically analyzing their electronic configuration, the mixed-dimensional perovskite band structure along the vertical 3D-to-2D direction can be spatially resolved. Remarkably, the electric field in the 2D perovskite is larger under light illumination than under dark conditions, resulting in an increase in the concentration of holes and electrons distributed in the 2D and 3D perovskites, respectively. Benefiting from this electronic reconstruction, charge recombination is suppressed, thereby significantly promoting the 2D/3D PSC performance. Moreover, our method opens an avenue for direct, local mapping of optoelectronic device energy levels.

KW - 2D/3D perovskite

KW - Band mapping

KW - Interface

KW - Perovskite solar cells

KW - Scanning tunneling microscopy

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U2 - 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362

DO - 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106362

M3 - Article

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SN - 2211-2855

VL - 89

JO - Nano Energy

JF - Nano Energy

M1 - 106362

ER -

Visualizing band alignment across 2D/3D perovskite heterointerfaces of solar cells with light-modulated scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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