Abstract
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observation of M87∗ in 2018 has revealed a ring with a diameter that is consistent with the 2017 observation. The brightest part of the ring is shifted to the southwest from the southeast. In this paper, we provide theoretical interpretations for the multi-epoch EHT observations for M87∗ by comparing a new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model image library with the EHT observations for M87∗ in both 2017 and 2018. The model images include aligned and tilted accretion with parameterized thermal and nonthermal synchrotron emission properties. The 2018 observation again shows that the spin vector of the M87∗ supermassive black hole is pointed away from Earth. A shift of the brightest part of the ring during the multi-epoch observations can naturally be explained by the turbulent nature of black hole accretion, which is supported by the fact that the more turbulent retrograde models can explain the multi-epoch observations better than the prograde models. The EHT data are inconsistent with the tilted models in our model image library. Assuming that the black hole spin axis and its large-scale jet direction are roughly aligned, we expect the brightest part of the ring to be most commonly observed 90 deg clockwise from the forward jet. This prediction can be statistically tested through future observations.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | A265 |
| Journal | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| Volume | 693 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2025 Jan 1 |
Keywords
- Accretion, accretion disks
- Black hole physics
- Galaxies: active
- Galaxies: individual: M87
- Galaxies: jets
- Gravitation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
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In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 693, A265, 01.01.2025.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M87
T2 - II. Model comparisons and theoretical interpretations
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Algaba, Juan Carlos
AU - Anantua, Richard
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Bach, Uwe
AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Baloković, Mislav
AU - Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bauböck, Michi
AU - Benson, Bradford A.
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Blundell, Raymond
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
AU - Bower, Geoffrey C.
AU - Bremer, Michael
AU - Brissenden, Roger
AU - Britzen, Silke
AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Bustamante, Sandra
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chan, Chi Kwan
AU - Chang, Dominic O.
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chen, Ming Tang
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cheng, Xiaopeng
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conroy, Nicholas S.
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Crawford, Thomas M.
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - Curd, Brandon
AU - Dahale, Rohan
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Dhruv, Vedant
AU - Dihingia, Indu K.
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Dzib, Sergio A.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Emami, Razieh
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Farah, Joseph
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - Fomalont, Edward
AU - Ford, H. Alyson
AU - Foschi, Marianna
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Freeman, William T.
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Fuentes, Antonio
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - García, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Haggard, Daryl
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Heumann, Dirk
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Ikeda, Shiro
AU - Impellizzeri, C. M.Violette
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Jones, Adam C.
AU - Joshi, Abhishek V.
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Dong Jin
AU - Kim, Jae Young
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Kocherlakota, Prashant
AU - Kofuji, Yutaro
AU - Koch, Patrick M.
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Kramer, Joana A.
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu
AU - La Bella, Noemi
AU - Lee, Sang Sung
AU - Levis, Aviad
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lico, Rocco
AU - Lindahl, Greg
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Lisakov, Mikhail
AU - Liu, Jun
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lo, Wen Ping
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Lonsdale, Colin J.
AU - Lowitz, Amy E.
AU - Lu, Ru Sen
AU - Macdonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Marchili, Nicola
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Martí-Vidal, Iván
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Montgomery, Joshua
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Mulaudzi, Wanga
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Müller, Hendrik
AU - Mus, Alejandro
AU - Musoke, Gibwa
AU - Myserlis, Ioannis
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nair, Dhanya G.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Nathanail, Antonios
AU - Fuentes, Santiago Navarro
AU - Neilsen, Joey
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Nowak, Michael A.
AU - Oh, Junghwan
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares Sánchez, Héctor Raúl
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Özel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.
AU - Paraschos, Georgios Filippos
AU - Park, Jongho
AU - Parsons, Harriet
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pen, Ue Li
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - Popstefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Prather, Ben
AU - Principe, Giacomo
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Pu, Hung Yi
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Rezzolla, Luciano
AU - Ricarte, Angelo
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Romero-Cañizales, Cristina
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Ruiz, Ignacio
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Sánchez-Argüelles, David
AU - Sánchez-Portal, Miguel
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Satapathy, Kaushik
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schonfeld, Jonathan
AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - Soohoo, Jason
AU - Salas, León D.S.
AU - Souccar, Kamal
AU - Stanway, Joshua S.
AU - Sun, He
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tetarenko, Alexandra J.
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Toma, Kenji
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Toscano, Teresa
AU - Traianou, Efthalia
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Turk, Matthew
AU - Van Bemmel, Ilse
AU - Van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - Van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Vos, Jesse
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Ward-Thompson, Derek
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Washington, Jasmin E.
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Wiik, Kaj
AU - Witzel, Gunther
AU - Wondrak, Michael F.
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Yadlapalli, Nitika
AU - Yamaguchi, Paul
AU - Yfantis, Aristomenis
AU - Yoon, Doosoo
AU - Young, André
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Yu, Wei
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhang, Shuo
AU - Zhao, Guang Yao
AU - Zhao, Shan Shan
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Authors 2025.
PY - 2025/1/1
Y1 - 2025/1/1
N2 - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observation of M87∗ in 2018 has revealed a ring with a diameter that is consistent with the 2017 observation. The brightest part of the ring is shifted to the southwest from the southeast. In this paper, we provide theoretical interpretations for the multi-epoch EHT observations for M87∗ by comparing a new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model image library with the EHT observations for M87∗ in both 2017 and 2018. The model images include aligned and tilted accretion with parameterized thermal and nonthermal synchrotron emission properties. The 2018 observation again shows that the spin vector of the M87∗ supermassive black hole is pointed away from Earth. A shift of the brightest part of the ring during the multi-epoch observations can naturally be explained by the turbulent nature of black hole accretion, which is supported by the fact that the more turbulent retrograde models can explain the multi-epoch observations better than the prograde models. The EHT data are inconsistent with the tilted models in our model image library. Assuming that the black hole spin axis and its large-scale jet direction are roughly aligned, we expect the brightest part of the ring to be most commonly observed 90 deg clockwise from the forward jet. This prediction can be statistically tested through future observations.
AB - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observation of M87∗ in 2018 has revealed a ring with a diameter that is consistent with the 2017 observation. The brightest part of the ring is shifted to the southwest from the southeast. In this paper, we provide theoretical interpretations for the multi-epoch EHT observations for M87∗ by comparing a new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model image library with the EHT observations for M87∗ in both 2017 and 2018. The model images include aligned and tilted accretion with parameterized thermal and nonthermal synchrotron emission properties. The 2018 observation again shows that the spin vector of the M87∗ supermassive black hole is pointed away from Earth. A shift of the brightest part of the ring during the multi-epoch observations can naturally be explained by the turbulent nature of black hole accretion, which is supported by the fact that the more turbulent retrograde models can explain the multi-epoch observations better than the prograde models. The EHT data are inconsistent with the tilted models in our model image library. Assuming that the black hole spin axis and its large-scale jet direction are roughly aligned, we expect the brightest part of the ring to be most commonly observed 90 deg clockwise from the forward jet. This prediction can be statistically tested through future observations.
KW - Accretion, accretion disks
KW - Black hole physics
KW - Galaxies: active
KW - Galaxies: individual: M87
KW - Galaxies: jets
KW - Gravitation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85216352785&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85216352785&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202451296
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202451296
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85216352785
SN - 0004-6361
VL - 693
JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics
M1 - A265
ER -