Scaling laws for non-Hermitian skin effect with long-range couplings

Recent years have witnessed a surge of research on the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE) in one-dimensional lattices with finite-range couplings. In this work, we show that the long-range couplings that decay as 1/lα at distance l can fundamentally modify the behavior of NHSE and the scaling of quantum entanglement in the presence of nonreciprocity. At α=0, the nonlocality of couplings gives rise to the scale-free skin modes, whose localization length is proportional to the system size. Increasing the exponent α drives a complex-to-real spectral transition and a crossover from a scalefree to constant localization length. Furthermore, the scaling of nonequilibrium steady-state entanglement entropy exhibits a subextensive law due to the nonlocality and the complex spectrum, in contrast to an area law arising from NHSE. Our results provide a theoretical understanding on the interplay between long-range couplings and non-Hermiticity.