Importance of planktonic community respiration on the carbon balance of the East China Sea in summer

The East China Sea (ECS) is one of the largest continental shelves in the world; however, the role that biota plays in the carbon fluxes of this shelf ecosystem is still obscure. To evaluate the organic carbon balance and the roles played by planktonic communities in organic carbon consumption, two cruises with stations covering almost the entire shelf were conducted during the high productivity and high river flow season of the ECS in June (the early summer) and August (the middle summer) 2003. Results showed that biological activity was significantly higher in the early summer. To flourish in the early summer, plankton need a significant fluvial input of dissolved inorganic nutrients and organic matter from the Chinese coast, especially from the Changjiang (aka Yangtze River), might be one of the main driving forces. Further analysis showed that most planktonic community respiration (PCR) could be attributed to phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, which accounted for over 96% of the total planktonic biomass (in carbon units) in summer. This might partially explain why mean PCR was higher in June (∼114 mg C m^-3 d^-1), with higher phytoplankton biomass, than in August (∼40 mg m^-3 d^-1). The ratio of integrated primary production to PCR (i.e., the P/R ratio) was, however, less than 1, with a mean ± SD value of 0.35 ± 0.41 for all the pooled data. This indicates a significant amount of organic carbon has been regenerated through planktonic activity in the water column. The sea-air difference in fCO₂, however, changed from a mean value of -64.5 ± 61.3 ppm in June to 10.0 ± 37.5 ppm in August. To explain the contradictory results between PCR and fCO₂, we suggest that the dissolved inorganic carbon regenerated through planktonic respiration could be stored in the subsurface layer and may affect the fCO₂ in the surface water, which is what controls the shelf sea either as an atmospheric CO₂ Sink or as a source, depending on the prevailing physical forces. These results also suggest that the controversy between atmospheric CO₂ sink or source in the ECS shelf needs further exploration.