Abstract
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ∼25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s -1 , exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | L2 |
| Journal | Astrophysical Journal Letters |
| Volume | 875 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2019 Apr 10 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Galaxy: center
- black hole physics
- galaxies: individual (M87)
- gravitational lensing: strong
- instrumentation: interferometers
- techniques: high angular resolution
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Space and Planetary Science
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In: Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 875, No. 1, L2, 10.04.2019.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
AU - Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, The
AU - Akiyama, Kazunori
AU - Alberdi, Antxon
AU - Alef, Walter
AU - Asada, Keiichi
AU - Azulay, Rebecca
AU - Baczko, Anne Kathrin
AU - Ball, David
AU - Baloković, Mislav
AU - Barrett, John
AU - Bintley, Dan
AU - Blackburn, Lindy
AU - Boland, Wilfred
AU - Bouman, Katherine L.
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AU - Brinkerink, Christiaan D.
AU - Brissenden, Roger
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AU - Broderick, Avery E.
AU - Broguiere, Dominique
AU - Bronzwaer, Thomas
AU - Byun, Do Young
AU - Carlstrom, John E.
AU - Chael, Andrew
AU - Chan, Chi Kwan
AU - Chatterjee, Shami
AU - Chatterjee, Koushik
AU - Chen, Ming Tang
AU - Chen, Yongjun
AU - Cho, Ilje
AU - Christian, Pierre
AU - Conway, John E.
AU - Cordes, James M.
AU - Crew, Geoffrey B.
AU - Cui, Yuzhu
AU - Davelaar, Jordy
AU - De Laurentis, Mariafelicia
AU - Deane, Roger
AU - Dempsey, Jessica
AU - Desvignes, Gregory
AU - Dexter, Jason
AU - Doeleman, Sheperd S.
AU - Eatough, Ralph P.
AU - Falcke, Heino
AU - Fish, Vincent L.
AU - Fomalont, Ed
AU - Fraga-Encinas, Raquel
AU - Friberg, Per
AU - Fromm, Christian M.
AU - Gómez, José L.
AU - Galison, Peter
AU - Gammie, Charles F.
AU - Garcia, Roberto
AU - Gentaz, Olivier
AU - Georgiev, Boris
AU - Goddi, Ciriaco
AU - Gold, Roman
AU - Gu, Minfeng
AU - Gurwell, Mark
AU - Hada, Kazuhiro
AU - Hecht, Michael H.
AU - Hesper, Ronald
AU - Ho, Luis C.
AU - Ho, Paul
AU - Honma, Mareki
AU - Huang, Chih Wei L.
AU - Huang, Lei
AU - Hughes, David H.
AU - Ikeda, Shiro
AU - Inoue, Makoto
AU - Issaoun, Sara
AU - James, David J.
AU - Jannuzi, Buell T.
AU - Janssen, Michael
AU - Jeter, Britton
AU - Jiang, Wu
AU - Johnson, Michael D.
AU - Jorstad, Svetlana
AU - Jung, Taehyun
AU - Karami, Mansour
AU - Karuppusamy, Ramesh
AU - Kawashima, Tomohisa
AU - Keating, Garrett K.
AU - Kettenis, Mark
AU - Kim, Jae Young
AU - Kim, Junhan
AU - Kim, Jongsoo
AU - Kino, Motoki
AU - Koay, Jun Yi
AU - Koch, Patrick M.
AU - Koyama, Shoko
AU - Kramer, Michael
AU - Kramer, Carsten
AU - Krichbaum, Thomas P.
AU - Kuo, Cheng Yu
AU - Lauer, Tod R.
AU - Lee, Sang Sung
AU - Li, Yan Rong
AU - Li, Zhiyuan
AU - Lindqvist, Michael
AU - Liu, Kuo
AU - Liuzzo, Elisabetta
AU - Lo, Wen Ping
AU - Lobanov, Andrei P.
AU - Loinard, Laurent
AU - Lonsdale, Colin
AU - Lu, Ru Sen
AU - Macdonald, Nicholas R.
AU - Mao, Jirong
AU - Markoff, Sera
AU - Marrone, Daniel P.
AU - Marscher, Alan P.
AU - Marti-Vidal, Iván
AU - Matsushita, Satoki
AU - Matthews, Lynn D.
AU - Medeiros, Lia
AU - Menten, Karl M.
AU - Mizuno, Yosuke
AU - Mizuno, Izumi
AU - Moran, James M.
AU - Moriyama, Kotaro
AU - Moscibrodzka, Monika
AU - Müller, Cornelia
AU - Nagai, Hiroshi
AU - Nagar, Neil M.
AU - Nakamura, Masanori
AU - Narayan, Ramesh
AU - Narayanan, Gopal
AU - Natarajan, Iniyan
AU - Neri, Roberto
AU - Ni, Chunchong
AU - Noutsos, Aristeidis
AU - Okino, Hiroki
AU - Olivares, Héctor
AU - Ortiz-León, Gisela N.
AU - Oyama, Tomoaki
AU - Ozel, Feryal
AU - Palumbo, Daniel C.M.
AU - Patel, Nimesh
AU - Pen, Ue Li
AU - Pesce, Dominic W.
AU - Piétu, Vincent
AU - Plambeck, Richard
AU - Popstefanija, Aleksandar
AU - Porth, Oliver
AU - Prather, Ben
AU - Preciado-López, Jorge A.
AU - Psaltis, Dimitrios
AU - Pu, Hung Yi
AU - Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh
AU - Rao, Ramprasad
AU - Rawlings, Mark G.
AU - Raymond, Alexander W.
AU - Rezzolla, Luciano
AU - Ripperda, Bart
AU - Roelofs, Freek
AU - Rogers, Alan
AU - Ros, Eduardo
AU - Rose, Mel
AU - Roshanineshat, Arash
AU - Rottmann, Helge
AU - Roy, Alan L.
AU - Ruszczyk, Chet
AU - Ryan, Benjamin R.
AU - Rygl, Kazi L.J.
AU - Sánchez, Salvador
AU - Sánchez-Arguelles, David
AU - Sasada, Mahito
AU - Savolainen, Tuomas
AU - Schloerb, F. Peter
AU - Schuster, Karl Friedrich
AU - Shao, Lijing
AU - Shen, Zhiqiang
AU - Small, Des
AU - Sohn, Bong Won
AU - Soohoo, Jason
AU - Tazaki, Fumie
AU - Tiede, Paul
AU - Tilanus, Remo P.J.
AU - Titus, Michael
AU - Toma, Kenji
AU - Torne, Pablo
AU - Trent, Tyler
AU - Trippe, Sascha
AU - Tsuda, Shuichiro
AU - Van Bemmel, Ilse
AU - Van Langevelde, Huib Jan
AU - Van Rossum, Daniel R.
AU - Wagner, Jan
AU - Wardle, John
AU - Weintroub, Jonathan
AU - Wex, Norbert
AU - Wharton, Robert
AU - Wielgus, Maciek
AU - Wong, George N.
AU - Wu, Qingwen
AU - Young, André
AU - Young, Ken
AU - Younsi, Ziri
AU - Yuan, Feng
AU - Yuan, Ye Fei
AU - Zensus, J. Anton
AU - Zhao, Guangyao
AU - Zhao, Shan Shan
AU - Zhu, Ziyan
AU - Algaba, Juan Carlos
AU - Allardi, Alexander
AU - Amestica, Rodrigo
AU - Bach, Uwe
AU - Beaudoin, Christopher
AU - Benson, Bradford A.
AU - Berthold, Ryan
AU - Blanchard, Jay M.
AU - Blundell, Ray
AU - Bustamente, Sandra
AU - Cappallo, Roger
AU - Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar
AU - Chang, Chih Cheng
AU - Chang, Shu Hao
AU - Chang, Song Chu
AU - Chen, Chung Chen
AU - Chilson, Ryan
AU - Chuter, Tim C.
AU - Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova
AU - Coulson, Iain M.
AU - Crawford, Thomas M.
AU - Crowley, Joseph
AU - David, John
AU - Derome, Mark
AU - Dexter, Matthew
AU - Dornbusch, Sven
AU - Dudevoir, Kevin A.
AU - Dzib, Sergio A.
AU - Eckert, Chris
AU - Erickson, Neal R.
AU - Everett, Wendeline B.
AU - Faber, Aaron
AU - Farah, Joseph R.
AU - Fath, Vernon
AU - Folkers, Thomas W.
AU - Forbes, David C.
AU - Freund, Robert
AU - Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.
AU - Gale, David M.
AU - Gao, Feng
AU - Geertsema, Gertie
AU - Graham, David A.
AU - Greer, Christopher H.
AU - Grosslein, Ronald
AU - Gueth, Frédéric
AU - Halverson, Nils W.
AU - Han, Chih Chiang
AU - Han, Kuo Chang
AU - Hao, Jinchi
AU - Hasegawa, Yutaka
AU - Henning, Jason W.
AU - Hernández-Gómez, Antonio
AU - Herrero-Illana, Rubén
AU - Heyminck, Stefan
AU - Hirota, Akihiko
AU - Hoge, James
AU - Huang, Yau De
AU - Impellizzeri, C. M.Violette
AU - Jiang, Homin
AU - Kamble, Atish
AU - Keisler, Ryan
AU - Kimura, Kimihiro
AU - Kono, Yusuke
AU - Kubo, Derek
AU - Kuroda, John
AU - Lacasse, Richard
AU - Laing, Robert A.
AU - Leitch, Erik M.
AU - Li, Chao Te
AU - Lin, Lupin C.C.
AU - Liu, Ching Tang
AU - Liu, Kuan Yu
AU - Lu, Li Ming
AU - Marson, Ralph G.
AU - Martin-Cocher, Pierre L.
AU - Massingill, Kyle D.
AU - Matulonis, Callie
AU - McColl, Martin P.
AU - McWhirter, Stephen R.
AU - Messias, Hugo
AU - Meyer-Zhao, Zheng
AU - Michalik, Daniel
AU - Montana, Alfredo
AU - Montgomerie, William
AU - Mora-Klein, Matias
AU - Muders, Dirk
AU - Nadolski, Andrew
AU - Navarro, Santiago
AU - Nguyen, Chi H.
AU - Nishioka, Hiroaki
AU - Norton, Timothy
AU - Nystrom, George
AU - Ogawa, Hideo
AU - Oshiro, Peter
AU - Padin, Stephen
AU - Parsons, Harriet
AU - Paine, Scott N.
AU - Penalver, Juan
AU - Phillips, Neil M.
AU - Poirier, Michael
AU - Pradel, Nicolas
AU - Primiani, Rurik A.
AU - Raffin, Philippe A.
AU - Rahlin, Alexandra S.
AU - Reiland, George
AU - Risacher, Christopher
AU - Ruiz, Ignacio
AU - Sáez-Madain, Alejandro F.
AU - Sassella, Remi
AU - Schellart, Pim
AU - Shaw, Paul
AU - Silva, Kevin M.
AU - Shiokawa, Hotaka
AU - Smith, David R.
AU - Snow, William
AU - Souccar, Kamal
AU - Sousa, Don
AU - Sridharan, T. K.
AU - Srinivasan, Ranjani
AU - Stahm, William
AU - Stark, Antony A.
AU - Story, Kyle
AU - Timmer, Sjoerd T.
AU - Vertatschitsch, Laura
AU - Walther, Craig
AU - Wei, Ta Shun
AU - Whitehorn, Nathan
AU - Whitney, Alan R.
AU - Woody, David P.
AU - Wouterloot, Jan G.A.
AU - Wright, Melvin
AU - Yamaguchi, Paul
AU - Yu, Chen Yu
AU - Zeballos, Milagros
AU - Ziurys, Lucy
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2019. The American Astronomical Society..
PY - 2019/4/10
Y1 - 2019/4/10
N2 - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ∼25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s -1 , exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.
AB - The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ∼1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ∼25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s -1 , exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.
KW - Galaxy: center
KW - black hole physics
KW - galaxies: individual (M87)
KW - gravitational lensing: strong
KW - instrumentation: interferometers
KW - techniques: high angular resolution
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85064442259&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85064442259&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96
DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85064442259
SN - 2041-8205
VL - 875
JO - Astrophysical Journal Letters
JF - Astrophysical Journal Letters
IS - 1
M1 - L2
ER -