Exposure to silver impairs learning and social behaviors in adult zebrafish

Silver and silver nanoparticles are used in several consumer products, particularly sterilizing agents. Ag⁺ released from the particles causes physiological damages of aquatic organisms. However, the effects of silver on neural and behavioral functions of fish remain unclear. Here, we used zebrafish as a model to investigate the impacts of silver on social, learning and memory behaviors in teleost. Adult zebrafish showed mortality rates of 12.875% and 100% on 72 h exposure to 30 and ≥ 50 ppb of silver nitrate, respectively. Silver accumulation in the brain increased on exposure to 10 and 30 ppb of AgNO₃. The physical fitness of the zebrafish, measured by novel tank diving test and swimming performance, decreased after 72 h incubation in 30 ppb of AgNO₃. Exposure to 10 ppb of AgNO₃ impaired social preference, social recognition, learning, and memory, but did not affect anxiety level, aggressiveness, and shoaling behavior. In situ hybridization of c-fos mRNA showed that AgNO₃ treatment decreased neural activity in the brain areas crucial for learning, memory, and social behaviors, including the medial and dorsal zones of the dorsal telencephalic area. In conclusion, 72 h exposure to AgNO₃ in a sublethal level impaired learning and social behaviors, indicating neurotoxicity in adult zebrafish.