TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of hybrid surfactants on the quality and yield of graphene using a novel electrochemical-mechanical exfoliation process
AU - Chen, Zi Ying
AU - Huang, Chun Kai
AU - Yang, Chii Rong
AU - Tseng, Shih Feng
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial supports from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under projects MOST 107-2622-E-003-005-CC3 and MOST 110-2221-E-027-076.
Funding Information:
This research is financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, under grant nos. MOST 107–2622-E-003–005-CC3 and MOST 110–2221-E-027–076.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022/4
Y1 - 2022/4
N2 - In this study, a novel electrochemical–mechanical exfoliation (EME) process combined with hybrid surfactants was used to prepare graphene nanosheets (GNSs). The effects of hybrid surfactants and post-treatments on the yield and quality of the prepared GNSs were investigated. Before and after the EME process, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were conducted to evaluate the crystallinity, degree of defects, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio, surface morphology, size, and thickness of graphite powder and the prepared GNSs, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the maximum yield of the GNSs was 19.68% when 1 wt.% polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDDA) and 0.005 wt.% sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDSS) were mixed in deionized water for graphite pretreatment and high-speed shear exfoliation and when 1 wt.% PDDA and 0.01 wt.% SDSS were mixed in H2SO4 solution for electrochemical intercalation. The lowest O/C ratio, highest I2D/IG ratio, and lowest ID/IG ratio of the supernatant centrifuged at 3000 rpm were 1.12, 1.085, and 0.274, respectively. The FE-SEM images of the GNSs clearly indicated the effectiveness of exfoliation. Moreover, the average diameter and thickness of the prepared GNSs were approximately 5.2 µm and 2.4 nm, respectively.
AB - In this study, a novel electrochemical–mechanical exfoliation (EME) process combined with hybrid surfactants was used to prepare graphene nanosheets (GNSs). The effects of hybrid surfactants and post-treatments on the yield and quality of the prepared GNSs were investigated. Before and after the EME process, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were conducted to evaluate the crystallinity, degree of defects, oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio, surface morphology, size, and thickness of graphite powder and the prepared GNSs, respectively. The experimental results revealed that the maximum yield of the GNSs was 19.68% when 1 wt.% polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDDA) and 0.005 wt.% sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (SDSS) were mixed in deionized water for graphite pretreatment and high-speed shear exfoliation and when 1 wt.% PDDA and 0.01 wt.% SDSS were mixed in H2SO4 solution for electrochemical intercalation. The lowest O/C ratio, highest I2D/IG ratio, and lowest ID/IG ratio of the supernatant centrifuged at 3000 rpm were 1.12, 1.085, and 0.274, respectively. The FE-SEM images of the GNSs clearly indicated the effectiveness of exfoliation. Moreover, the average diameter and thickness of the prepared GNSs were approximately 5.2 µm and 2.4 nm, respectively.
KW - Electrochemical–mechanical exfoliation
KW - Graphene nanosheets
KW - Hybrid surfactants
KW - Oxygen-to-carbon ratio
KW - Post-treatments
KW - Yield
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U2 - 10.1007/s00170-021-08562-6
DO - 10.1007/s00170-021-08562-6
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85123247139
SN - 0268-3768
VL - 119
SP - 6809
EP - 6817
JO - International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
JF - International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
IS - 9-10
ER -