TY - JOUR
T1 - Design of infrared electronic-toll-collection systems with extended communication areas and performance of data transmission
AU - Shieh, Wern Yarng
AU - Hsu, Chen Chien
AU - Tung, Shen Lung
AU - Lu, Po Wen
AU - Wang, Ti Ho
AU - Chang, Shyang Lih
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received October 15, 2008; revised May 13, 2009, October 7, 2009, and March 31, 2010; accepted June 25, 2010. Date of publication August 3, 2010; date of current version March 3, 2011. This work was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China (Taiwan), under Contract NSC-97-2221-E-129-001 and Contract NSC-98-2221-E-129-001. The Associate Editor for this paper was W. Fan.
PY - 2011/3
Y1 - 2011/3
N2 - Based on our previous works in the design of an infrared emitter for electronic-toll-collection (ETC) applications, we use the unidirectional cosinen functions to approximate the irregular radiation pattern for typical infrared low-cost commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a half-intensity angle Φ1/2 = 10°. With the aid of this approximation, the main characteristics of the performance of an infrared ETC system utilizing this type of LED as the emitter can be investigated based on the received signal strength of the system. For onoff keying, a simple model connecting the received signal strength and the bit error rate (BER) of the system is further established. From the calculated or the measured received signal strength of the system, it is not difficult to estimate the system performance in terms of the BER by this simple model. Roughly speaking, for a typical setting of the circuit parameters and a typical uplink and downlink data-transmission protocol, the data transmission can be very successful in terms of a very low BER if the received signal strength is 1.3 times stronger than the signal strength received at the communication boundary. The emitter presented in this paper is able to produce a relatively extended communication area in the vehicle-traveling direction, resulting in longer communication time interval for the data transmission between the onboard unit (OBU) and the roadside unit (RSU) than conventional emitters. Furthermore, the design presented in this paper is validated by experimental measurement to demonstrate its effectiveness.
AB - Based on our previous works in the design of an infrared emitter for electronic-toll-collection (ETC) applications, we use the unidirectional cosinen functions to approximate the irregular radiation pattern for typical infrared low-cost commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a half-intensity angle Φ1/2 = 10°. With the aid of this approximation, the main characteristics of the performance of an infrared ETC system utilizing this type of LED as the emitter can be investigated based on the received signal strength of the system. For onoff keying, a simple model connecting the received signal strength and the bit error rate (BER) of the system is further established. From the calculated or the measured received signal strength of the system, it is not difficult to estimate the system performance in terms of the BER by this simple model. Roughly speaking, for a typical setting of the circuit parameters and a typical uplink and downlink data-transmission protocol, the data transmission can be very successful in terms of a very low BER if the received signal strength is 1.3 times stronger than the signal strength received at the communication boundary. The emitter presented in this paper is able to produce a relatively extended communication area in the vehicle-traveling direction, resulting in longer communication time interval for the data transmission between the onboard unit (OBU) and the roadside unit (RSU) than conventional emitters. Furthermore, the design presented in this paper is validated by experimental measurement to demonstrate its effectiveness.
KW - Bit error rate (BER)
KW - dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)
KW - electronic toll collection (ETC)
KW - infrared communication
KW - intelligent transportation system (ITS)
KW - onoff keying (OOK)
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U2 - 10.1109/TITS.2010.2057508
DO - 10.1109/TITS.2010.2057508
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:79952069654
SN - 1524-9050
VL - 12
SP - 25
EP - 35
JO - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
JF - IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
IS - 1
M1 - 5535181
ER -