Conceptual models and cognitive learning styles in teaching recursion

An experimental research design was implemented in an attempt to understand how different types of conceptual models and cognitive learning styles influence novice programmers when learning recursion. The results indicate that in teaching recursion to novice programmers: concrete conceptual models are better than abstract conceptual models, novices with abstract learning styles perform better than those with concrete learning styles, abstract learners do not necessarily benefit more from abstract conceptual models, and concrete learners do not necessarily benefit more from concrete conceptual models.