Comparisons of four dietary assessment methods during pregnancy in Taiwanese women

Objective: The purpose of this methodology study is to examine the relative validity of four dietary assessment methods during pregnancy and to understand the pros and cons of each method. Materials and methods: We recruited 181 healthy pregnant women with less than 20 weeks of gestation and collected information through personal and telephone interviews in Taipei, Taiwan. Dietary assessment methods including 24-hour recalls, 3-day food records, and the weekly food frequency questionnaire during the 3 trimesters and the meal-based Chinese food frequency questionnaire (CFFQ) in the 3^rd trimester were used in this prospective study. Results: The percentages of energy from protein (15%), fat (31-34%), and carbohydrate (50-54%) were similar by the recall and record methods. The energy intakes from 24-hour recalls were 1924kcal, 1980kcal, and 2172kcal in the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd trimesters, respectively. The weekly food frequency questionnaire resulted in significantly higher intakes of all energy nutrients, especially for protein and fat intakes (percentages and densities) for the 3 trimesters; a further adjustment for the food list is needed. The CFFQ showed comparable results with the quantitative methods in estimating dietary patterns for the entire pregnancy. The 24-hour recalls by telephone interviews provided reasonable results in the assessment of the average nutrient intakes during the trimesters. Conclusion: The combinations of 24-hour recalls for the short-term dietary changes and the CFFQ for long-term dietary patterns are suggested as appropriate dietary assessment methods during pregnancy in Taiwan.