Abstract
Recently, Ma et al. proposed an efficient error propagation-free discrete cosine transform-based (DCT-based) data hiding algorithm that embeds data in H.264/AVC intra frames. In their algorithm, only 46% of the 4 × 4 luma blocks can be used to embed hidden bits. In this paper, we propose an improved error propagation-free DCT-based perturbation scheme that fully exploits the remaining 54% of luma blocks and thereby doubles the data hiding capacity of Ma et al.'s algorithm. Further, in order to preserve the visual quality and increase the embedding capacity of the embedded video sequences, a new set of sifted 4 × 4 luma blocks is considered in the proposed DCT-based perturbation scheme. The results of experiments on twenty-six test video sequences confirm the embedding capacity superiority of the proposed improved algorithm while keeping the similar human visual effect in terms of SSIM (structural similarity) index.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 604-614 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Journal of Systems and Software |
| Volume | 86 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2013 Mar |
Keywords
- DCT
- Data hiding
- Embedding capacity
- Error propagation-free
- H.264/AVC
- Human visual effect
- Intra prediction
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Software
- Information Systems
- Hardware and Architecture
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In: Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 86, No. 3, 03.2013, p. 604-614.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - An improved DCT-based perturbation scheme for high capacity data hiding in H.264/AVC intra frames
AU - Lin, Tseng Jung
AU - Chung, Kuo Liang
AU - Chang, Po Chun
AU - Huang, Yong Huai
AU - Liao, Hong Yuan Mark
AU - Fang, Chiung Yao
N1 - Funding Information: We have presented a new data hiding algorithm to resolve the capacity limitation problem in Ma et al.'s data hiding algorithm for H.264/AVC intra frames. The contribution of this work is threefold. First, unlike Ma et al.'s algorithm, the proposed scheme exploits the fifth block category, which accounts for 54% of all luma blocks. Further, for preserving the visual quality and increasing the embedding capacity, a new set of sifted 4 × 4 luma blocks is considered in the proposed DCT-based perturbation scheme. Based on twenty-six test video sequences, experimental results confirm the embedding capacity superiority of the proposed improved algorithm while keeping the similar human visual effect in terms of SSIM index. Tseng-Jung Lin received the BS degree in Computer Science and Education from National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1991 and the MS degree in Computer Science and Information Engineering from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2008. He is currently pursuing the PhD degree in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. His research interests include image/video compression, image processing, image segmentation, classification, and reversible data hiding. Kuo-Liang Chung is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Taipei, Taiwan, since 1995. He received the BS, MS, and PhD degrees from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1982, 1984, and 1990, respectively. After two years of obligatory military services (1984–1986), he was enrolled as a research assistant in the Institute of Information Science at Academia Sinica, Taiwan from 1986 to 1987. He was a Visiting Scholar at University of Washington in summer 1999. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the chair of the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at NTUST. He was a Managing Editor of Journal of Chinese Institute of Engineers from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1998. In August 2000, he served as Program Co-Chair of 2000 Conference on Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, Taiwan. Dr. Chung was the recipient of the Distinguished Research Award from National Science Council of Taiwan in 2004; the recipient of the Best Paper Award from the Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Society of Taiwan in 2007; the recipient of Distinguished Teaching Award of NTUST in 2009. Since 2009, he has been a University Chair Professor at NTUST. His current research interests include image/video compression, image/video processing, pattern recognition, 3D video processing, and shape analysis in computer vision. He now serves as an Associate Editor of Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. Dr. Chung is a senior member of IEEE and a fellow of IET. Po-Chun Chang received the BS degree in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, St. John’s University/Taipei Campus, New Taipei City, Taiwan, in 2009. He is currently pursuing the PhD degree in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. His research interests include image/video compression, image processing, and 3D video processing. Yong-Huai Huang received the BS degree in Information Management from Aletheia University, Danshui, Taipei, Taiwan, and the MS and PhD degrees in Computer Science and Information Engineering from the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. He is now an assistant professor in the Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering at Jinwen University of Science and Technology, Hsin-Tien Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan. His research interests include image processing and compression, and algorithms. Hong-Yuan Mark Liao received a BS degree in physics from National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, in 1981, and an MS and PhD degree in electrical engineering from Northwestern University in 1985 and 1990, respectively. In July 1991, he joined the Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. He is a Distinguished Research Fellow now. During 2009–2011, he was the division chair of the computer science and information engineering division II, National Science Council of Taiwan. He is jointly appointed as a professor of the Computer Science and Information Engineering Department of National Chiao-Tung University and the Department of Electrical Engineering of National Cheng Kung University. During 2009–2012, he was jointly appointed as the Multimedia Information Chair Professor of National Chung Hsing University. From August 2010, he has been appointed as an Adjunct Chair Professor of Chung Yuan Christian University. His current research interests include multimedia signal processing, video-based Surveillance Systems, video forensics, and multimedia protection. Dr. Liao was a recipient of the Young Investigators’ award from Academia Sinica in 1998. He received the distinguished research award from the National Science Council of Taiwan in 2003 and 2010, and the National Invention Award of Taiwan in 2004. In 2008, he received a Distinguished Scholar Research Project Award from National Science Council of Taiwan. In 2010, he received the Academia Sinica Investigator Award. In June 2004, he served as the conference co-chair of the 5th International Conference on Multimedia and Exposition (ICME) and technical co-chair of the 8th ICME held at Beijing. In Jan. 2011, Dr. Liao served as General co-chair of the 17th International Conference on Multimedia Modeling. From 2006–2008, Dr. Liao was the president of the Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Society of Taiwan. Dr. Liao is on the editorial boards of the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, and the IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. He was an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Multimedia during 1998–2001. Chiung-Yao Fang received the BSc Degree and the MSc degree in information and computer education from National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and PhD degrees in computer science and information engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 2003. She is currently an Associate Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Information engineering at the National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Her areas of research interest include vision-based driver assistance systems, vision-based infant monitoring systems, artificial neural networks, pattern recognition, and computer vision.
PY - 2013/3
Y1 - 2013/3
N2 - Recently, Ma et al. proposed an efficient error propagation-free discrete cosine transform-based (DCT-based) data hiding algorithm that embeds data in H.264/AVC intra frames. In their algorithm, only 46% of the 4 × 4 luma blocks can be used to embed hidden bits. In this paper, we propose an improved error propagation-free DCT-based perturbation scheme that fully exploits the remaining 54% of luma blocks and thereby doubles the data hiding capacity of Ma et al.'s algorithm. Further, in order to preserve the visual quality and increase the embedding capacity of the embedded video sequences, a new set of sifted 4 × 4 luma blocks is considered in the proposed DCT-based perturbation scheme. The results of experiments on twenty-six test video sequences confirm the embedding capacity superiority of the proposed improved algorithm while keeping the similar human visual effect in terms of SSIM (structural similarity) index.
AB - Recently, Ma et al. proposed an efficient error propagation-free discrete cosine transform-based (DCT-based) data hiding algorithm that embeds data in H.264/AVC intra frames. In their algorithm, only 46% of the 4 × 4 luma blocks can be used to embed hidden bits. In this paper, we propose an improved error propagation-free DCT-based perturbation scheme that fully exploits the remaining 54% of luma blocks and thereby doubles the data hiding capacity of Ma et al.'s algorithm. Further, in order to preserve the visual quality and increase the embedding capacity of the embedded video sequences, a new set of sifted 4 × 4 luma blocks is considered in the proposed DCT-based perturbation scheme. The results of experiments on twenty-six test video sequences confirm the embedding capacity superiority of the proposed improved algorithm while keeping the similar human visual effect in terms of SSIM (structural similarity) index.
KW - DCT
KW - Data hiding
KW - Embedding capacity
KW - Error propagation-free
KW - H.264/AVC
KW - Human visual effect
KW - Intra prediction
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84872685039&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84872685039&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.922
DO - 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.922
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84872685039
SN - 0164-1212
VL - 86
SP - 604
EP - 614
JO - Journal of Systems and Software
JF - Journal of Systems and Software
IS - 3
ER -