A bionic human eye model: optical design, fabrication, and evaluation with digital holography

This study presents the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a bionic human eye model that replicates emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic vision. Based on the Liou–Brennan schematic eye, imaging performance are simulated in Zemax software by analyzing contrast and aberrations of an E-chart optotype at a standard viewing distance. A physical bionic eye model is fabricated via high-precision 3D printing and validated under identical conditions, where axial length variations are introduced to simulate refractive errors. To achieve wavefront assessment, digital holography is employed to reconstruct full-field amplitude and phase distributions. Experimental results of the refractive errors in spherical equivalent power show a less than 5 % deviation from simulations, confirming the accuracy of the bionic eye model. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the integration of computer simulation, 3D printing fabrication, and holographic evaluation in a unified bionic eye platform, providing a potential tool for refractive error analysis, vision simulation, and imaging assessment.