滿洲君主統治「中國」的危機意識

As the foreign and minority invaders, Manchu was the most successful dynasty of conquest in China history; searching for reasons of such success is the classic issue in Ch’ing study. Researchers could give various explanations about the reason for success, especially from the emperor Huangtaiji to Ch’ien-lung, Manchu monarchs always had clear cognition toward the situation and identity as foreign minority, whether it is foreseen, notice or create the crisis awareness on governed China, would reflect their conscientious attitude and the intention well as determination to maintain their regime. When Manchu monarchs’ core values, include the national character as Manchu language, riding and shooting, pristine, was threaten, in the meantime , they had to control the Han who are the majority, culturally advanced and hostile effectively, they had to try to protect the established superiority, and actively search for new thought and form to face the difficult situation in adverse ruling. Therefore, this plan intend to discuss on three direction: first, the prevention against sinicization; second, to envisage the means of political domination; third, to measure the value between civil service and military victory, hope to dialogue with the two patterns, the point of view to Manchuria as the center and the national identity discourse.