清代時期漢語官話學習教材之語言研究

The main topic in this study aims on analyzing the vocabulary of the learning materials of the Mandarin Chinese during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). During the period of the Qing Dynasty, there were the vernacular and literal languages; that is, the oral and written speech forms were separate. By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the spoken Mandarin, the GuanHua, was the Peking Mandarin, replacing the Nanjing Mandarin, but the written forms were still the classical Chinese. Most of the compilers of the textbooks were highly- educated western missionaries and the Chinese scholars. The characteristics of such teaching materials were: the Roman phonetic symbols were used to mark the pronunciations; the vocabulary and the sentence patterns were based on the spoken Mandarin. Therefore, such kind of materials became the precious corpus of the vernacular Mandarin Chinese system in Qing Dynasty. The project will be based on the Primary Mandarin, Mandarin Grammar. The lexicon corpus will be constructed and the notations would be the morphological types, the parts of syntax, and the semantic categories. As we known, the vocabulary in such the materials would be the Core basic vocabulary, deriving from the classical literatures, and the new words, from the cultural contact. Through the tagging and classifying analysis, is would be proposed the use of the spoken vocabulary, and the possible explanations of the lexical changes from the Qing Dynasty to the modern times.